Mehaho e phahameng e hloka mehato e matla ea tšireletso ea mollo. Anangle hose valvee bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola phallo ea metsi nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso. Belofo ena, eo hangata e bitsoang a45 ° valve ea hydrant or belofo ea angle e nepahetseng, e hokahana le litsamaiso tsa li-standpipe mme e netefatsa phano ea metsi hantle ho lisebelisoa tsa ho tima mollo. Ho fapana le abelofo e otlolohileng, e fana ka phihlello e betere libakeng tse thibetsoeng. Lisebelisoa tse tšoarellang le boenjiniere bo nepahetseng li etsa hore e be karolo e ka tšeptjoang ka hare hovalve ea mollo oa mollotsamaiso, ho netefatsa karabelo e potlakileng linakong tse mahlonoko.
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa
- Khetha li-angles hose valves tse fihlelang melao ea NFPA 14 bakeng sa polokeho ea mollo.
- Sebelisalisebelisoa tse matla joalo ka koporokapa boronse ho qoba mafome le ho tšoarella nako e telele.
- Sheba le ho lokisa li-valve tsa hose tsa angle hangata ho emisa mathata le ho etsa hore a tšoarelle.
- Etsa bonnete ba hore li-valve li kentsoe ka nepo 'me ho bonolo ho fihla ho bo-ralitima-mollo.
- Reka li-valve tse ntleho tsoa ho lihlahisoa tse tšepahalang ho boloka chelete le ho lula u bolokehile.
Ho Utloisisa Karolo ea Li-valve tsa Angle Hose
Angle Hose Valve ke Eng?
Angle hose valve ke karolo e khethehileng eamekhoa ea tšireletso ea molloe etselitsoeng ho laola phallo ea metsi. Sekhahla sa eona se ikhethileng sa 45-degree se thusa ho hokahana habonolo ho li-hoses, haholo libakeng tse koalehileng. Li-valve tsena hangata li fumaneha ka mefuta e 'meli: 1½" le 2½". Lisistimi tsa standpipe tsa Sehlopha sa I le sa III hangata li sebelisa li-valve tse kholoanyane tsa 2 ½”, ha lisistimi tsa Sehlopha sa II li itšetlehile ka boholo bo bonyenyane ba 1½”. Ho kenya ho hloka likhoele tsa liphaephe tsa taper tse lumellanang le litekanyetso tsa ANSI B2.1, tse netefatsang hore li lekana tse sireletsehileng le tse sa lutleng. Tlhokomelo ea ka mehla, ho kenyeletsoa le tlhahlobo ea ho koala ha thata le ho nchafatsa likarolo haeba ho dutla, ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng.
Hobaneng Li-valve tsa Angle Hose li le Bohlokoa Bakeng sa Tšireletseho e Phahameng ea Mollo?
Mehaho e phahameng e fana ka mathata a ikhethang nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso a mollo.Li-valve tsa li-angle hosephetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho rarolla mathata ana ka ho fana ka phihlello e tšepahalang ea metsi bakeng sa matsapa a ho tima mollo. Li-valve tsena tse kentsoeng e le karolo ea li-standpipe system, li etsa bonnete ba hore metsi a ka tsamaisoa hantle mekatong e ka holimo. Moqapi oa bona oa angled o ntlafatsa ho khoneha, ho lumella bo-ralitima-mollo hore ba hokahane ka potlako li-hose esita le libakeng tse thata kapa tse sa phutholohang. Ka ho finyella litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa khatello le ts'ebetso, li-valve tsa li-angle hose li thusa ho boloka metsi a phallang ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng, e leng ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho thibela mollo mehahong e melelele.
Ho phaella moo, li-valve tsena li kenya letsoho ho latela melao ea tšireletso ea mollo, e laelang hore li sebelisoe mehahong e phahameng. Li-valve tsa li-angle hose tse khethiloeng hantle le tse hlokometsoeng hantle ha li matlafatse ts'ebetso ea ts'ireletso ea mollo feela empa hape li sireletsa bophelo le thepa nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso.
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa ho khetha Angle Hose Valve
E lumellana le Standpipe Systems
Ho etsa bonnete ba ho lumellana pakeng tsa li-angle hose valves le li-standpipe system ho bohlokoa bakeng sa polokeho e sebetsang ea mollo mehahong e phahameng. Li-valve tsena li tlameha ho finyella litlhoko tse khethehileng hore li sebetse ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ka har'a tsamaiso. Ka mohlala, ba lokela ho bae thathamisitsoe ho latela NFPA 14litekanyetso le ho hlahisa likhoele tsa kantle tsa National Hose Standard (NHS) bakeng sa likhokahano tse sireletsehileng tsa hose. Li-caps tse nang le likhoele li sireletsa likhoele tsa hose hore li se ke tsa senyeha, athe taolo ea khatello e netefatsa phano ea metsi a bolokehileng nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso.
| Tlhokahalo | Tlhaloso |
|---|---|
| Li-valve tsa Hose | E tlameha ho thathamisoa ho latela NFPA 14 |
| Likhoele tsa Hose | E tlameha ho ba le likhoele tsa kantle tsa National Hose Standard (NHS). |
| Caps e nang le likhoele | Ho hlokahala ho sireletsa likhoele tsa hose |
| Taolo ea Khatello | E tlameha ho fokotsa khatello ea likhokahano tsa li-hose ho boleng bo boletsoeng |
Teko e nepahetseng ea ho tsamaellana e netefatsa hore li-valve tsa li-angle hose li hokahane hantle le litsamaiso tsa standpipe, ho matlafatsa ts'epo ea tsona nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso a mollo.
Khetho ea Lintho bakeng sa ho tšoarella
Ho tšoarella ha thepa ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea li-valve tsa angle hose, haholo-holo lits'ebetsong tse phahameng haholo. Lisebelisoa tsa boleng bo phahameng tse kang koporo le boronse li sebelisoa hangata ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa ha tsona le bokhoni ba ho mamella maemo a feteletseng. Maemo a kang MSS SP-80 le MSS SP-85 a fana ka lintlha tse hlokahalang bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa koporo le li-valve tsa tšepe tse grey, ho netefatsa ho tšepahala ha tsona.
- ASME B16.34e hlalosa litlelase tsa khatello bakeng sa li-valve, e totobatsang likhatello tse phahameng tse lumelletsoeng ho sebetsa maemong a fapaneng a mocheso.
- MSS SP-80e laola li-valve tsa koporo, tse khonang ho sebetsana le 300 PSI ka mocheso o tloaelehileng le 150 PSI ho 406 ° F.
- MSS SP-85e netefatsa hore li-valve tsa tšepe tse bohlooho li kopana le litekanyetso tse thata tsa nako e telele.
Mohlala, li-valve tsa boronse tsa Sehlopha sa 150 tse behiloeng tlas'a MSS SP-80 li ka sebetsa ho 200 PSI lipakeng tsa -20°F le 150°F, e leng se etsang hore e be tse loketseng maemo a boima. Ho khetha lisebelisoa tse tšoarellang ho tiisa bophelo ba nako e telele ea tšebeletso le ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng tlas'a khatello.
Litekanyetso tsa Khatello le Litlhoko tsa Ts'ebetso
Litekanyetso tsa khatello li khetholla meeli ea ts'ebetso ea li-valve tsa li-angle hose, ho netefatsa hore li sebetsa ka ts'epo nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso. Li-valve li tlameha ho finyella litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa khatello le mocheso ho sebetsana le litlhoko tsa litsamaiso tse phahameng tsa tšireletso ea mollo.
| Tlhaloso | Lintlha |
|---|---|
| Mohlala | Bristol BF59/A99 |
| Tumello le Setifikeiti | UL e thathamisitsoeng, e lumellanang le litekanyetso tsa ANSI/UL 1468 |
| Lintho tse bonahalang | Koporo ea boleng bo holimo e nang le koporo e hlakileng bakeng sa ho hanyetsa kutu |
| Khatello Rating | Khatello ea ho sebetsa ea 175 PSI (12 bar), khatello ea teko ea 24 bar |
| Mocheso Range | E sebetsa hantle pakeng tsa 0ºC ho isa ho 38ºC |
| Ho tšoarella | E etselitsoe bophelo bo bolelele ba ts'ebeletso libakeng tse boima |
| Kopo | E sebelisoa ho sireletsa mollo, standpipe, le lisebelisoa tsa ho fafatsa |
Li-valve tse kang Bristol BF59/A99 li bontša ts'ebetso e ikhethang, ka khatello ea ho sebetsa ea 175 PSI le khatello ea teko ea 24 bar. Kaho ea bona e matla e tiisa ho ts'epahala maemong a khatello e phahameng, e leng se etsang hore e be tse loketseng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ts'ireletso ea mollo mehahong e melelele.
Ho lumellana le Melao le Melao ea Tšireletso ea Mollo
Ho netefatsa ho latela melao le litekanyetso tsa ts'ireletso ea mollo ho bohlokoa ha ho khethoa valve ea angle hose bakeng sa mehaho e phahameng. Melao ena e theha litlhoko tse fokolang bakeng sa ts'ebetso, ho kenya, le tlhokomelo, ho netefatsa hore mekhoa ea ts'ireletso ea mollo e sebetsa ka katleho nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso. Ho khomarela litekanyetso tsena ha ho ntlafatse tšireletseho feela empa hape ho tiisa hore beng ba mehaho le baokameli ba lumellana le molao.
Melao ea tšireletso ea mollo, e kang e hlalositsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Tšireletso ea Mollo (NFPA), e fana ka tataiso e qaqileng bakeng sa li-valve tsa li-angle hose le likarolo tse amanang le tsona. Mohlala, NFPA 14 e totobatsa moralo, ho kengoa le liteko tsa li-standpipe le li-hose system. Litekanyetso tsena li netefatsa hore li-valve li kopana le litekanyetso tsa bohlokoa tsa ts'ebetso, joalo ka litekanyetso tsa khatello le litlhoko tsa phallo ea metsi.
Tafole e latelang e totobatsa litlhoko tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa li-valve tsa hose le li-standpipe system:
| Tlhokahalo | Tlhaloso |
|---|---|
| Hose Outlet | Phaephe e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea 1.5 ″ kapa e nyane e tlameha ho ba le lisebelisoa le ho itokisetsa ho sebelisoa. |
| Mofuta oa Hose | Sistimi ea Standpipe e kentsoeng kamora la 1 Pherekhong 1981, e tlameha ho sebelisa hose e nang le mela. |
| Khatello | Khatello e matla ka nozzle e tlameha ho ba pakeng tsa 30 psi (210 kPa) le 125 psi (860 kPa). |
| Phepelo ea Metsi | Bonyane ba phepelo ea metsi e tlameha ho ba lilithara tse 100 ka motsotso (6.3 l/s) bonyane metsotso e 30. |
| Teko ea Hydrostatic | Liphaephe li tlameha ho lekoa ka tlase ho 200 psi (1380 kPa) bonyane lihora tse peli. |
| Tlhahlobo ea Hose | Hose e tlameha ho lekoa e seng ka tlase ho 200 psi (1380 kPa) pele e kenngoa ts'ebetsong. |
| Tlhokomelo | Lisebelisoa tsa hose li tlameha ho hlahlojoa bonyane selemo le ka mor'a tšebeliso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe. |
Litlhoko tsena li netefatsa hore valve ea angle hose le mekhoa e amanang le eona e sebetsa ka botšepehi tlas'a maemo a phahameng a khatello. Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea hydrostatic ho 200 psi e netefatsa bots'epehi ba liphaephe, athe tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo e thusa ho tseba mathata a ka bang teng pele a eketseha.
Ho lumellana ho boetse ho kenyelletsa ho khetha li-valve tse fihlelang mangolo a itseng. Li-valve tse ngata tsa boleng bo holimo, tse kang tse entsoeng ke Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory, li thathamisitsoe ke UL 'me li lumellana le litekanyetso tsa ANSI/UL 1468. Lisetifikeiti tsena li tiisa hore li-valve li entsoe tlhahlobo e matla bakeng sa ho tšoarella le ho sebetsa.
Ka ho latela melao le litekanyetso tsena, batsamaisi ba mehaho ba ka etsa bonnete ba hore mekhoa ea bona ea tšireletso ea mollo e loketse ho sebetsana le maemo a tšohanyetso. Ho hlahlojoa le ho hlokomeloa khafetsa ho matlafatsa ts'epahalo ea litsamaiso tsena, ho sireletsa bophelo le thepa.
Ho Ntlafatsa Tšireletseho ea Mollo ka Leqhubu la Hose Le letona la Angle
Bohlokoa ba Li-valve tse Fokotsang Khatello Meahong e Phahameng
Mehaho e phahameng e atisa ho ba le phapang e khōlō khatellong ea metsi ka lebaka la bophahamo ba eona. Khatello e feteletseng e ka senya thepa ea ho tima mollo kapa ea sitisa ts'ebetso ea eona.Li-valve tse fokotsang khatello (PRVs)rarolla bothata bona ka ho laola khatello ea metsi hore e be maemong a sireletsehileng le a tsitsitseng. Li-valve tsena li etsa bonnete ba hore metsi a fanoang ka mochini oa standpipe a lula a le ka har'a meeli ea ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tse hokahaneng.
Li-PRV li bohlokoa haholo mekatong e haufi le setsi sa moaho, moo khatello ea metsi e leng holimo haholo. Ka ho boloka khatello e nepahetseng, li-valve tsena li ntlafatsa katleho eatsamaiso ea tšireletso ea mollo. Li boetse li thibela likotsi tse ka bakoang ke ho phalla ha metsi ka khatello e feteletseng. Ho kenyelletsa li-PRV haufi le valve ea angle hose ho netefatsa hore ho na le setupo se leka-lekaneng le se ka tšeptjoang sa ho tima mollo, haholo-holo ka mehaho e melelele.
Tlhophiso e Nepahetseng le Phihlello
Ho kenya valve e nepahetseng ea angle hose ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea eona. Ho beoa ka nepo kapa ho se tsamaisane hantle ho ka lebisa ho lutla ha metsi kapa ho fokotsa ts'ebetso e sebetsang. Ba kenyang thepa ba tlameha ho latela litataiso tsa bahlahisi le litekanyetso tsa indasteri ho netefatsa ho lekana ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng. Ka mohlala, li-valve li lokela ho kenngoa ka bophahamo bo lumellang bo-ralitima-mollo hore ba fihle habonolo. Sebaka sena se fokotsa tieho nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso.
Ho fihlella ho boetse ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho sebetsa hantle ha valve. Li-valve tse kentsoeng libakeng tseo ho leng thata ho fihla ho tsona li ka sitisa boiteko ba ho tima mollo. Li-laible tse hlakileng le litsela tse sa tsitsang li ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso. Koetliso ea kamehla ea basebetsi ba kaho e tiisa hore ba utloisisa sebaka le tšebetso ea valve. Ho kenngoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng le ho fihlella ho kenya letsoho ho arabela ka mokhoa o se nang moeli nakong ea tšohanyetso ea mollo.
Tlhokomelo le Tlhahlobo Mekhoa e Molemo ka ho Fetisisa
Tlhokomelo le tlhahlobo ea kamehla ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea nako e telele ea valve ea angle hose. Ho hlokomoloha mekhoa ena ho ka baka ho se sebetse hantle kapa ho hloleha linakong tse mahlonoko. Batsamaisi ba meaho ba lokela ho hlophisa tlhahlobo ea khafetsa ho bona mathata a ka bang teng joalo ka ho bola, ho lutla, kapa litšitiso.
Moralo o akaretsang oa tlhokomelo o kenyelletsa:
- Litlhahlobo Tse Bonahalang: Sheba hore na ha ho na tšenyo e bonahalang kapa e senyehileng.
- Tlhahlobo ea Ts'ebetso: Netefatsa hore valve e bula le ho koala hantle.
- Teko ea Khatello: Etsa bonnete ba hore valve e boloka maemo a khatello a hlokahalang.
- Phetoho ea Karolo: Fetola likarolo tse tsofetseng kapele ho thibela ho hloleha ha sistimi.
Ho khomarela mekhoa ena e metle ho tiisa hore valve e lula e le boemong bo botle. Ho sebelisana le bahlahisi ba ka tšeptjoang ba kang Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e fana ka phihlelo ea li-valve tsa boleng bo phahameng le tataiso ea litsebi mabapi le tlhokomelo. Tlhokomelo ea kamehla ha e lelefatse nako ea bophelo ea valve feela empa hape e ntlafatsa polokeho ea mohaho ka kakaretso.
Ho leka-lekanya Litšenyehelo le Boleng
Ho Lekola Boleng ba Nako e Telele Ho Feta Litšenyehelo Tsa Pele
Ha u khetha valve ea hose ea angle bakeng sa mehaho e phahameng,ho leka-lekanya litšenyehelo le bolenge bohlokoa. Le hoja likhetho tse theko e tlaase li ka 'na tsa bonahala li ipiletsa qalong, hangata li lebisa litšenyehelong tse phahameng ha nako e ntse e ea ka lebaka la tlhokomelo ea khafetsa le nako e khutšoanyane ea bophelo. Li-valve tsa boleng bo phahameng, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li fana ka nako e telele le ho tšepahala, ho fokotsa tlhokahalo ea ho lokisoa le ho nkeloa sebaka.
Tafole e latelang e totobatsa phapang ea litšenyehelo pakeng tsa li-valve tsa boleng bo holimo le mefuta e meng ea tsona:
| Karolo | Li-valve tsa boleng bo holimo | Li-valve tse ling |
|---|---|---|
| Litšenyehelo tsa Pele | Matsete a holimo a holimo | Theko e tlase ea pele |
| Litlhoko tsa Tlhokomelo | Litlhoko tsa tlhokomelo e fokotsehileng | Khafetsa ea tlhokomelo e phahameng |
| Ho tšoarella | Bophelo bo bolelele ba tšebeletso | Nako e khuts'oane ea bophelo |
| Lipolokelo tsa nako e telele | Ho boloka chelete e ngata ha nako e ntse e ea | E ka bang teng bakeng sa litšenyehelo tsohle tse phahameng |
Ho kenya chelete ka li-valve tsa boleng bo phahameng ho tiisa ho boloka nako e telele le ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng. Bophelo ba bona ba tšebeletso bo atolositsoeng bo fokotsa litšitiso, ho etsa hore e be khetho e theko e tlaase bakeng sa mekhoa e phahameng ea tšireletso ea mollo.
Ho Khetha Baetsi ba Tšepahalang Ba kang Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory
Ho khetha moetsi ea tšepahalang ho bohlokoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ha o etelletsa boleng pele. Baetsi ba kang Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory ba ikhethela ho hlahisa li-valve tsa hose tse sebetsang hantle tse etselitsoeng ho finyella litekanyetso tse thata tsa indasteri. Lihlahisoa tsa bona li etsa liteko tse thata ho netefatsa ho tšoarella, ho hanyetsa khatello, le ho latela melao ea ts'ireletso ea mollo.
Ho sebelisana le moetsi ea tšepahalang ho fana ka melemo e mengata:
- Tsebo: Bahlahisi ba thehiloeng ba tlisa lilemo tsa boiphihlelo le tsebo ea tekheniki lihlahisoa tsa bona.
- Setifikeiti: Lihlahisoa tse tsoang ho lik'hamphani tse tsebahalang hangata li na le litifikeiti tse kang lethathamo la UL, tse netefatsang ho latela litekanyetso tsa polokeho.
- Tšehetso: Bahlahisi ba tšepahalang ba fana ka tataiso mabapi le ho kenya, ho hlokomela, le ho hlahloba, ho matlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kakaretso ea lisebelisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea mollo.
Ka ho khetha mofani oa thepa ea tšeptjoang, batsamaisi ba mohaho ba ka etsa bonnete ba hore mekhoa ea bona ea tšireletso ea mollo e lula e tšepahala nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso. Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e fana ka mohlala oa ho tšepahala hona, ho fana ka tharollo ea boleng bo phahameng e lumellanang le litlhoko tsa mehaho e phahameng.
Ho khetha valve e nepahetseng ea hose hose ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho netefatsa tšireletseho ea mollo mehahong e phahameng. Lintlha tse ka sehloohong li kenyelletsa ho lumellana le litsamaiso tsa standpipe, ho tšoarella ha thepa, le ho khomarela mekhoa ea tšireletso ea mollo. Ts'ebetso e tšepahalang nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso e itšetlehile ka lintlha tsena.
Ho sebelisana le bahlahisi ba tšeptjoang, ba kang Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory, ho netefatsa hore ho na le li-valve tsa boleng bo phahameng tse finyellang litekanyetso tsa indasteri. Ho buisana le litsebi tsa tšireletso ea mollo ho ntlafatsa ho etsa liqeto, ho thusa batsamaisi ba mehaho ho kenya ts'ebetsong mekhoa e sebetsang ea tšireletso ea mollo. Ka ho etelletsa pele boleng le ho latela melao, meaho e phahameng e ka fihlela polokeho le boitokiso bo nepahetseng.
LBH
1. Morero oa mantlha oa valve ea hose ea angle mehahong e phahameng ke ofe?
Hose valve ea angle e laola phallo ea metsi lits'ebetsong tsa standpipe, ho netefatsa hore metsi a tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng lisebelisoa tsa ho tima mollo. Moqapi oa eona o nang le angled o lumella ho hokahanya ha li-hose habonolo libakeng tse koaletsoeng, ho etsa hore e be ea bohlokoa bakeng sa tšireletso ea mollo e phahameng.
2. Li-valve tsa li-angle hose li lokela ho hlahlojoa hangata hakae?
Batsamaisi ba meaho ba lokela ho hlahloba li-valve tsa li-angle hose bonyane hang ka selemo. Litlhahlobo li boetse li lokela ho etsahala kamora ts'ebeliso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho fumana lintlha tse ka bang teng joalo ka ho lutla, ho bola, kapa li-blockages.
Keletso: Tlhokomelo ea kamehla e eketsa nako ea bophelo ea valve mme e netefatsa ts'ebetso e tšepahalang nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso.
3. Ke lisebelisoa life tse molemo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa li-valve tsa hose tse tšoarellang?
Brass le bronze ke lisebelisoa tse loketseng bakeng sa li-valve tsa li-angle hose. Litšepe tsena li hanela ho bola 'me li mamella maemo a feteletseng, ho netefatsa hore li tšoarella nako e telele le ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng.
4. Na li-valve tsa li-angle hose li tsamaisana le litsamaiso tsohle tsa standpipe?
Ha se li-valve tsohle tse lumellanang le sistimi e ngoe le e ngoe. Ho lumellana ho itšetlehile ka lintlha tse kang mofuta oa khoele, litekanyetso tsa khatello, le ho lumellana le litekanyetso tsa NFPA 14. Teko e etsa bonnete ba ho kopanya ka mokhoa o se nang moeli le mokhoa oa ho sireletsa mollo oa mohaho.
5. Hobaneng u khetha Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory bakeng sa li-valve tsa li-angle hose?
Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e fana ka li-valve tsa boleng bo holimo tse finyellang litekanyetso tsa indasteri. Lihlahisoa tsa bona li etsa liteko tse matla bakeng sa ho tšoarella le ho sebetsa, ho netefatsa litharollo tse ka tšeptjoang tsa tšireletso ea mollo bakeng sa mehaho e phahameng.
Hlokomela: Ho sebelisana le bahlahisi ba tšepahalang ho fana ka tiiso ea ho latela melao le ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea sistimi.
Nako ea poso: Apr-29-2025