Mekhoa ea kajeno ea ho thibela mollo e itšetlehile ka khatello e tsitsitseng le e sireletsehileng ea metsi ho sebetsa ka katleho. Li-Valve tse Laolang Khatello (PRVs) li bohlokoa ho boloka tekano ena. Valve e Laolang Khatello e lokisa phallo ea metsi ho lefella ho fapana ha likhatello tse kenang, ho netefatsa botsitso ba sistimi. Li-valve tsena li bohlokoa liindastering tse kang tšireletso ea mollo le phekolo ea metsi, moo litekanyetso tse tiileng tsa tšireletso li hlokang ts'ebetso e tšepahalang.
Lefapha la Matla la United States le tsetetse liranta tse limilione tse 38 mererong ea ho matlafatsa tsamaiso ea metsi ea liindasteri, le totobatsa bohlokoa bo ntseng bo eketseha ba li-PRV bakeng sa polokeho le katleho.
Kamohelo e ntseng e hola ea li-PRV e boetse e tsamaisoa ke lekala le ntseng le hola la oli le khase, moo taolo e nepahetseng ea khatello e leng bohlokoa. Ka ho thibela khatello e feteletseng, li-valve tsa PRV li sireletsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa joalo kavalve ea mollo oa mollolevalve e oblique, ho netefatsa ho tšoarella le ho tšepahala. Ho feta moo,li-valve tse thibelang khatelloli khona ho ikamahanya le maemo, li etsa hore e be tsa bohlokoa haholo moralong oa meaho ea sejoale-joale, e rarahaneng. Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e motlotlo ho kenya letsoho indastering ena ea bohlokoa ka litharollo tsa boleng bo holimo.
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa
- Li-Valves tse Laolang Khatello (PRVs) li boloka khatello ea metsi e tsitsitse. Sena se thusa litsamaiso tsa mollo hore li sebetse hantle nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso.
- Li-PRV li emisa khatello e matla haholo,ho sireletsa li-sprinklers le li-hydrantsho tsoa kotsi. Sena se etsa hore sistimi e tšepahale haholoanyane.
- Ho hlahloba le ho lokisa li-PRV hangata ho bohlokoa hore li sebetse hantle le ho tšoarella nako e telele.
- Li-PRV li ka sebelisoa mehahong e melelele kapa e rarahaneng. Ba ikamahanya le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa khatello mokatong o mong le o mong.
- Ho khetha li-PRV tse ntle homabitso a tšepahalange kopana le melao ea polokeho mme e etsa hore sistimi e sebetse hantle.
Ho Utloisisa Khatello e Laolang Li-valve ho Lits'ebetso tsa Khatello ea Mollo
Li-valve tse Laolang Khatello ke Eng?
Li-valve tse Laolang Khatelloke lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tse etselitsoeng ho laola le ho boloka khatello ea metsi ka har'a mekhoa ea ho thibela mollo. Li-valve tsena li etsa bonnete ba hore khatello ea metsi e lula e tsitsitse, ho sa tsotellehe ho fetoha ha khatello ea motlakase ea tsamaiso. Ka ho etsa joalo, ba thusa mekhoa ea ho thibela mollo ho sebetsa ka katleho le ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng maemong a tloaelehileng le a tšohanyetso.
Ka mantsoe a theknoloji, li-valve tsena li oela tlas'a lihlopha tse 'maloa ho latela ts'ebetso ea tsona. Mohlala:
- Li-valve tsa Taolo ea Khatellofokotsa khatello ea metsi a tlaase ho ea ho boleng bo itseng tlas'a maemo a phallang le a sa phallang, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke NFPA 20.
- Lisebelisoa tsa ho Laola Khatelloli etselitsoe ho fokotsa, ho laola, kapa ho thibela khatello ea metsi, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho NFPA 14.
- Li-valve tsa ho Imolla Khatellokhelosa metsi a feteletseng ho fokotsa khatello ea khatello tsamaisong, ho netefatsa polokeho le botšepehi.
| Mofuta oa Tlhaloso | Tlhaloso |
|---|---|
| Sephahlo sa Taolo ea Khatello | E fokotsa khatello ea metsi tlas'a metsi a phallang le a sa phallang. |
| Lisebelisoa tsa ho Laola Khatello | E laola kapa e thibela khatello ea metsi lits'ebetsong tsa ts'ireletso ea mollo. |
| Sephahlo sa ho Imolla Khatello | E khelosa metsi ho fokotsa khatello e feteletseng tsamaisong. |
Li-valve tsena li bohlokoa ka ho khetheha mehahong e phahameng, moo phapang ea khatello pakeng tsa fuluru e ka bakang mathata. Ka ho laola mefuta ena e fapaneng, Li-Valves tse Laolang Khatello li sireletsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa joalo ka li-sprinklers le li-hydrants ho tsoa tšenyo e bakiloeng ke khatello e feteletseng.
Li-valve tse Laolang Khatello li Sebetsa Joang?
Li-valve tse laolang khatello li sebetsa ka ho lokisa phallo ea metsi ho boloka boemo ba khatello bo tsitsitseng. Ba sebelisa mekhoa ea ka hare, e kang liliba le li-diaphragm, ho utloa le ho arabela liphetohong tsa khatello ea ho kena. Ha khatello ea ho kena e phahama ka holim'a tekanyo e lakatsehang, valve e fokotsa sekhahla sa phallo ho khutlisetsa khatello sebakeng se behiloeng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba khatello ea ho kena e theoha, valve e lumella metsi a mangata hore a phalle ho eona, e leng ho netefatsa hore khatello ea metsi e sa fetohe.
Teko le tlhokomelo ea li-valve tsena ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tsona. Liphuputso li bonts'itse hore ho hloleha ha Li-Valve tsa Taolo ea Khatello ho ka lebisa liphellong tse kotsi, tse etsang hore e be sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ho hlōleha ha tsamaiso ea mollo. Teko ea kamehla e tiisa hore li-valve tsena li sebetsa ka botšepehi tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng le a tšohanyetso.
Lits'ebetsong tse thibelang mollo, li-valve tsena li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa tsamaisong ea li-standpipe le li-sprinklers tsa mollo tse itšebetsang. Li laola khatello likarolong tse ngata, ho netefatsa hore metsi a fihla mollong ka khatello e nepahetseng. Bokhoni bona bo etsa hore e be tsa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea sejoale-joale ea mollo, haholo meralo e rarahaneng ea meaho.
Hlokomela:Ho kenya le ho lekanya ka nepo ha Li-valve tse laolang khatello li bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea tsona. Ho sebelisana le bahlahisi ba tšeptjoang ba kang Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory ho netefatsa hore ho na le li-valve tsa boleng bo phahameng tse lumellanang le litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa mohaho.
Bohlokoa ba Li-valve tse Laolang Khatello ho Khatello ea Mollo ea Kajeno
Ho netefatsa Khatello e sa Feleng ea Metsi
Ho boloka khatello e tsitsitseng ea metsi ke habohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea mekhoa ea ho thibela mollo.Li-valve tse Laolang Khatellobapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fihlelleng sena ka ho lokisa phallo ea metsi ho lefella ho feto-fetoha ha khatello e kenang. Sena se tiisa hore metsi a fihla likarolong tse thibelang mollo, tse kang li-sprinklers le li-hydrants, ka khatello e nepahetseng e hlokahalang ho loantša mollo ka katleho.
Lintlha tsa histori li totobatsa phello ea taolo ea khatello tsamaisong ea metsi. Mohlala:
- Ka 1971, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission e ile ea etsa phuputso e kenyeletsang libaka tsa bolulo tse 2,400.
- Tšebeliso ea li-valve tse fokotsang khatello ea metsi e bakile phokotso ea 30% ea tšebeliso ea metsi nakong ea Mphalane le Pulungoana, le phokotso ea 37% ka Tšitoe.
Sena se bontša kamoo li-PRV li sa tsitsitseng khatello ea metsi feela empa hape li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso. Lits'ebetsong tsa ho thibela mollo, ho lumellana hona ho tiisa hore metsi a fanoa ka botšepehi, ho sa tsotellehe ho fapana ha bophahamo ba mohaho kapa maemo a phepelo ea metsi.
Ho Thibela Khatello e Feteletseng le Tšenyo ea Tsamaiso
Ho hatella ho feteletseng ho baka kotsi e kholo ho litsamaiso tsa khatello ea mollo, tse ka lebisang ho hloleheng ha lisebelisoa le polokeho e senyehileng.Li-valve tse Laolang Khatellosebetsa joalo ka tšireletso ka ho thibela khatello e feteletseng ea khatello. Ba laola phallo ea metsi ho sireletsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa, joalo ka li-sprinklers tsa mollo le li-standpipe, ho tsoa tšenyo e bakiloeng ke khatello e phahameng.
Lithuto tsa masimong li netefalitse katleho ea li-PRV ho fokotsa likotsi tsena. Nako ea tlhahlobo ea likhoeli tse 30 e senotse sekhahla se phahameng sa ho hloleha sa 0.4% feela ka selemo, ka boemo ba kholiseho ea 95%. Tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo e ile ea boela ea bontša hore li-PRV li fetoha tse ka tšeptjoang ha nako e ntse e ea, li totobatsa ho tšoarella ha tsona le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho thibela.
Khoutu ea Tlhahlobo ea Boto ea Naha e hatisa bohlokoa ba li-PRV e le mokhoa oa ho qetela oa ts'ireletso lits'ebetsong tse hatelletsoeng. Ka ho fokotsa khatello e feteletseng, li-valve tsena li netefatsa polokeho ea lisebelisoa le basebetsi. Sena se etsa hore e be tsa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa sejoale-joale tsa ho thibela mollo, moo ho ts'epahala ho leng bohlokoa haholo.
Ho Matlafatsa Tšireletseho le Melao ea Tumellano ea Kopano
Polokeho le boikamahanyo ba taolo ke motheo oa moralo oa sejoale-joale oa ho thibela mollo. Li-valve tse Laolang Khatello li matlafatsa polokeho ka ho netefatsa hore khatello ea metsi e lula e le ka har'a meeli e sireletsehileng, ho fokotsa kotsi ea likotsi nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso a mollo. Karolo ea bona ke ea bohlokoa ka ho khetheha mehahong e phahameng, moo ho fapana ha khatello pakeng tsa fuluru ho ka bakang maemo a kotsi ho baahi le bo-ralitima-mollo.
Litekanyetso tsa taolo li boetse li totobatsa bohlokoa ba li-PRV. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) e thehile litataiso tse 'maloa:
- NFPA 20 e laela ts'ebeliso ea li-PRV ho sireletsa litsamaiso khatellong e feteletseng, haholo lits'ebetsong tsa pompo tsa centrifugal.
- NFPA 13 e hloka lisebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo e feletseng ea phallo ea li-PRV, ho netefatsa ho tšepahala ha tsona maemong a tšohanyetso.
- Khatiso ea 1999 ea NFPA 13 e hlahisitse litlhoko tse tlamang tsa tlhahlobo ea PRV, e matlafatsang karolo ea bona ea ho boloka maemo a polokeho.
Melao ena e totobatsa karolo ea bohlokoa ea li-PRV mekhoeng ea ho thibela mollo. Ka ho finyella litekanyetso tsena, li-PRV ha li ntlafatse ts'ireletso feela empa li boetse li netefatsa ho lumellana le litlhoko tsa indasteri, e leng se etsang hore e be motheo oa tšireletso ea mollo oa kajeno.
Melemo ea Bohlokoa ea Li-Valves tse Laolang Khatello
Ntlafatso ea nako e telele ea nako e telele ea mekhoa ea ho thibela mollo
Li-valve tse Laolang Khatelloho lelefatsa haholo nako ea bophelo ea lits'ebetso tsa ho thibela mollo ka ho sireletsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa tšenyong e bakoang ke khatello ea metsi e feto-fetohang. Ha nako e ntse e ea, khatello e feteletseng e ka fokolisa liphaephe, li-valve le lisebelisoa tse fafatsang, e leng se lebisang ho lokisoeng ha chelete e ngata kapa ho nkeloa sebaka se seng. Li-PRV li fokotsa kotsi ena ka ho boloka maemo a tsitsitseng a khatello, ho netefatsa hore likarolo tsohle tsa tsamaiso li sebetsa ka har'a meeli ea tsona e entsoeng.
Mehaho e phahameng le liindasteri li rua molemo haholo molemong ona. Libakeng tsena, ho fapana ha khatello ho bonahala haholo ka lebaka la bophahamo le ho rarahana ha marang-rang a kabo ea metsi. Ka ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo tsamaisong, li-PRV li ntlafatsa ho tšoarella le ho tšepahala, ho etsa hore e be letsete la bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea nako e telele.
Keletso:Ho hlahlojoa le ho hlokomeloa khafetsa ha li-PRV ho tsoela pele ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo bolelele ba sistimi, ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso.
Tšebeliso ea Litšenyehelo le Tlhokomelo e Fokotsoeng
Li-PRV li fana ka tharollo e theko e tlaase bakeng sa ho laola khatello ea metsi ka mekhoa ea ho thibela mollo. Tsa bonameralo e tsoetseng pelefokotsa tlhoko ea tlhokomelo khafetsa le ho fokotsa litšitiso tsa ts'ebetso. Ka mohlala:
- Theknoloji ea Emerson's Balanced Diaphragm e felisa tlhoko ea melumo, e atisang ho hlōleha.
- Lintlha tse tsoang ho lirekoto tsa litšebeletso tsa 30,000 tsa PRV li bontša hore ho hlōleha ha bellows ho etsahala ka litekanyetso tsa 2% ho ea ho 6%, e leng se lebisang ho eketseha ha litšenyehelo tsa tlhokomelo.
- Moralo oa Balanced Diaphragm o boetse o eketsa meeli ea khatello ho tloha ho 60% ho isa ho 80%, e lumellang li-valve tse nyane, tse tšepahalang haholoanyane.
Litlhahiso tsena ha li fokotse litšenyehelo tsa tlhokomelo feela empa li boetse li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea sistimi ka kakaretso. Ka ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho hloleha ha likarolo, li-PRV li thusa baokameli ba litsi ho boloka litšenyehelo tsa ho lokisa le ho fokotsa nako, e leng se etsang hore e be khetho e bohlale bakeng sa ts'ebetso e amanang le tekanyetso.
Ho ikamahanya le Meralo ea Meaho e Phahameng e Phahameng le e Ratang
Mehaho ea sejoale-joale e fana ka mathata a ikhethang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ho thibela mollo, haholo-holo meahong e phahameng moo khatello ea metsi e fapaneng haholo lipakeng tsa fuluru. Li-PRV li sebetsana le taba ena ka ho ikamahanya le litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa khatello ea boemo bo bong le bo bong, ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ho pholletsa le mohaho.
Ho feto-fetoha ha tsona ho fetela ho meralo e rarahaneng, joalo ka limela tsa indasteri le lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sebelisoang, moo litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa khatello ea metsi li tlamehang ho fihlelleha ka nako e le 'ngoe. Li-PRV li ka etsoa hore li lumellane le maemo ana, li fana ka taolo e nepahetseng le ts'ebetso e tšepahalang. Ho ikamahanya le maemo hona ho etsa hore e be tsa bohlokoa haholo ho litsebi tsa meralo le lienjineri tse ralang lits'ebetso tsa ho thibela mollo bakeng sa meaho ea sejoale-joale.
Hlokomela:Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e sebetsa ka ho khetheha ho li-PRV tse etselitsoeng mehaho e phahameng le e rarahaneng, ho netefatsa tšireletseho le ho latela litekanyetso tsa indasteri.
Hobaneng Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e khothaletsa li-PRV
Boitlamo ho Boleng le Polokehong
Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e etelletsa pele boleng le polokeho ho sehlahisoa se seng le se seng seo e se etsang. Khampani e sebelisa lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele le boenjiniere bo nepahetseng ho netefatsa hore li-Valves tsa eona tsa khatello ea khatello (PRVs) li finyella litekanyetso tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa indasteri. Valve e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e etsa liteko tse matla ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tšepahalang tlasa maemo a tloaelehileng le a tšohanyetso.
Keletso:Li-PRV tse tsoang fekthering ea Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment li lumellana le litataiso tsa NFPA, ho netefatsa hore li lumellana le mekhoa ea kajeno ea ho thibela mollo.
Boitlamo ba feme bakeng sa polokeho bo fetela ka nģ'ane ho moralo oa lihlahisoa. E sebelisana ka mafolofolo le litsebi tsa indasteri hore e lule e nchafalitsoe mabapi le litlhoko tsa ts'ireletso ea mollo. Mokhoa ona oa ts'ebetso o netefatsa hore li-PRV tsa eona ha li fihlelle maemo a hajoale feela empa hape li lebelletse litlhoko tsa nako e tlang.
Tsebo ea Litharollo tsa Sejoale-joale tsa Khatello ea Mollo
Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e tlisa lilemo tse mashome a tsebo indastering ea khatello ea mollo. Sehlopha sa eona sa baenjiniere se sebetsa ka ho khetheha ho rala li-PRV tse sebetsanang le mathata a ikhethang a mehaho ea morao-rao, ho kenyelletsa le mehaho e phahameng le mekhoa e rarahaneng.
Khamphani e sebelisa theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ho etsa li-valve tse ikamahanyang le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa khatello. Ka mohlala, li-PRV tsa eona li na le mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho laola phallo e bolokang khatello ea metsi e tsitsitseng ho pholletsa le mekato e mengata. Boqapi bona bo matlafatsa ts'epahalo ea sistimi le ho netefatsa khatello e matla ea mollo libakeng tse fapaneng.
Hlokomela:Tsebo ea fektheri ea litharollo tsa ho thibela mollo e etsa hore e be molekane ea tšeptjoang bakeng sa litsebi tsa meralo ea meralo, lienjiniere le batsamaisi ba litsi lefatšeng ka bophara.
Tailored PRV Tharollo bakeng sa Litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa Moaho
Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e utloisisa hore mohaho o mong le o mong o na le litlhoko tse ikhethang tsa tšireletso ea mollo. E fana kalitharollo tse ikhethileng tsa PRVe etselitsoeng ho fihlela litlhoko tse ikhethileng tsa lits'ebeletso tsa bolulo, tsa khoebo le tsa indasteri.
Khampani e fana ka mefuta e mengata ea li-PRV, ho kenyelletsa le li-valve tsa ho laola khatello, li-valve tsa khatello ea khatello, le lisebelisoa tse thibelang khatello. Sehlahisoa se seng le se seng se etselitsoe ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ts'ebelisong ea sona e reriloeng.
| Mofuta oa Moaho | E khothalelitsoe Tharollo ea PRV |
|---|---|
| Mehaho e Phahameng | Li-valve tsa Taolo ea Khatello bakeng sa taolo e khethehileng ea khatello ea fatše |
| Lisebelisoa tsa Indasteri | Li-valve tsa ho fokotsa khatello ho thibela khatello e feteletseng |
| Mekhoa e mengata ea tšebeliso | Lisebelisoa tse Thibelang Khatello bakeng sa phallo ea metsi e feto-fetohang |
Ka ho fana ka litharollo tse hlophisitsoeng, Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e netefatsa hore li-PRV tsa eona li fana ka katleho e phahameng le polokeho maemong afe kapa afe.
Li-valve tse Laolang Khatello li sebetsa e le karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tsa sejoale-joale tsa ho thibela mollo. Ba boloka khatello e tsitsitseng ea metsi, ba sireletsa likarolo tsa tsamaiso, 'me ba matlafatsa tšireletso ka kakaretso. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ha ba ntse ba fokotsa litšenyehelo bo etsa hore e be ba bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea mollo meahong e phahameng le e rarahaneng ea meaho. Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Feme e ntse e ikemiselitse ho fana ka thepalitharollo tsa boleng bo holimotse finyellang litlhoko tse ntseng li tsoela pele tsa mekhoa ea ho thibela mollo, ho netefatsa ho tšepahala le ho lumellana le litekanyetso tsa indasteri.
LBH
Sepheo sa mantlha sa Valve e Laolang Khatello (PRV) litsamaisong tsa khatello ea mollo ke efe?
Thesepheo sa mantlha sa PRVke ho boloka khatello ea metsi e tsitsitseng. E etsa bonnete ba hore likarolo tsa ho thibela mollo, tse kang li-sprinklers le li-hydrants, li fumana metsi ka khatello e nepahetseng bakeng sa ts'ebetso e sebetsang, ho sa tsotellehe ho fetoha ha phepelo ea metsi.
Li-valve tse laolang khatello li lokela ho hlahlojoa hangata hakae?
Litsebi li khothaletsa ho hlahloba li-PRV selemo le selemo. Ho hlahlojoa khafetsa ho netefatsa hore li-valve li sebetsa ka nepo le ho latela litekanyetso tsa polokeho. Tlhokomelo e nepahetseng e boetse e eketsa nako ea bophelo ea mokhoa oa ho thibela mollo le ho thibela ho hlōleha ho ka bang teng nakong ea maemo a tšohanyetso.
Na li-PRV li loketse meaho e phahameng?
E, li-PRV li bohlokoa bakeng sa meaho e phahameng. Li laola khatello ea metsi ho pholletsa le mekato e fapaneng, ho lefella ho fapana ho bakoang ke bophahamo. Sena se tiisa ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea mekhoa ea ho thibela mollo ho pholletsa le mohaho, ho matlafatsa tšireletso le ho tšepahala.
Na li-PRV li ka fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhokomelo bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa khatello ea mollo?
E, li-PRV li thusa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhokomelo ka ho sireletsa likarolo tsa tsamaiso tšenyo e bakoang ke khatello ea metsi e feto-fetohang. Ka ho boloka maemo a khatello a tsitsitse, ba fokotsa ho senyeha ha liphaephe, li-valve le li-sprinklers, ho fokotsa tlhokahalo ea ho lokisoa khafetsa kapa ho nkeloa sebaka.
Hobaneng u khetha Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory bakeng sa li-PRV?
Yuyao World Fire Fighting Equipment Factory e fana kali-PRV tsa boleng bo holimoe etselitsoe ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa sejoale-joale tsa ho thibela mollo. Lihlahisoa tsa bona li latela litekanyetso tsa indasteri, li etsa liteko tse matla, 'me li fana ka tharollo e lokiselitsoeng bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea meaho, ho netefatsa polokeho, ts'epahalo le ts'ebetso ea nako e telele.
Nako ea poso: Apr-28-2025